The new carb you installed doesn't have the same vacuum signal that was provided by the original carb. The original has a port in the venturi of the carb that provides a signal proportional to the AIR FLOW through the venturi. That then attempts to match the spark advance to the intake volume - engine speed. If you open the distributor cap, are there a pair of visible springs up on the point plate?
Your new style carb has two vacuum ports - but neither of them provides venturi vacuum. One is manifold vacuum - the other is "ported" manifold vacuum. Neither one can work with the old distributor. If you floor it - this carb gives a very low vacuum signal to the old distributor, retarding spark advance severely.
Best option is to find a '57 or newer - up to 1964 Y-block distributor that will work with the carb's vacuum signal. Many get theirs from a rebuilder - ask for the unit for a 1964 F-100 truck with a 292 engine. Cardone has a useful rebuilt unit - you will also need to get the cap to match.
Steve Metzger Tucson, Arizona